What characterizes a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcing a response only after a specific number of responses have occurred. This means that after a predetermined number of actions, the subject receives a reward. For example, a worker might be paid after completing a certain number of tasks or a rat might receive food after pressing a lever ten times. This type of reinforcement typically leads to a high rate of responding, as the organism seeks to reach the required number of responses to obtain the reward.

In contrast, other reinforcement schedules mention different criteria for delivering rewards. For instance, a time interval dictates when reinforcement is provided, which does not apply to fixed-ratio schedules. Variability in the number of responses or the reinforcement not being contingent on any response at all also distinguishes fixed-ratio schedules from the other types of schedules mentioned. Understanding this concept is crucial in fields such as behavioral psychology, where reinforcement schedules can influence the effectiveness of learning and behavior modification strategies.