In psychology, what does "attachment" refer to?

Attachment in psychology specifically refers to an emotional bond that forms between an infant and their caregiver. This bond is crucial for the infant's development, as it influences their social, emotional, and cognitive growth. The attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, highlights how a secure attachment with a caregiver provides a safe base from which the child can explore the world. The quality of this attachment can have lasting effects on the individual’s relationships and emotional health throughout life.

The other options focus on different aspects of psychology that do not directly pertain to the concept of attachment. A type of social relationship between peers does not capture the specific caregiver-infant dynamic characterized by emotional bonds. The connection between different cognitive processes refers to cognitive psychology and does not relate to emotional bonds. Finally, the influence of culture on personal identity addresses broader sociocultural factors rather than the interpersonal bond that attachment theory emphasizes.